How to Improve Your SAT Writing Score 9 Key Strategies

The most effective method to Improve Your SAT Writing Score 9 Key Strategies SAT/ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips It is safe to say that you are battling with SAT Writing + Reading scores somewhere in the range of 300 and 500? You're not the only one a huge number of understudies are scoring in this range, as well. However, many don't have the foggiest idea about the most ideal approaches to break out of this score range and score 600 or higher. Here, we'll talk about how to improve your SAT Writing score successfully, and why it's so imperative to do as such. Set these standards to work and I'm certain you'll have the option to improve your score! Brief note: This article is for understudies scoring underneath 600 on Evidence-Based Reading and Writing (EBRW). In spite of the fact that this score is a blend of your Reading and Writing scores, in this article, I'm concentrating solely on Writing. So when I talk about scoring a 600 on Writing, what I truly mean is getting a Writing test score of 30. In case you're as of now scoring over 600, my articles onhow to get an ideal SAT scoreand how to get an ideal SAT Writing scorewill be increasingly suitable for you. You can at present read this article, however, as some of it may be useful to you. Conversely, ifyour objective is a 500 (or a 25 grade on Writing), these ideas will at present similarly apply, so I urge you to keep perusing! In this article, I will talk about why scoring high is a smart thought, disclose the stuff to score a 600 on SAT Writing, and afterward go over key test-taking procedures. Stick with me-this resembles building a house. You have to establish a decent framework before you can set up the dividers and pretty windows. Here,we need to comprehend why you're doing what you're doingbefore we can jump into tips and methodologies. Getting a 600 on SAT Writing: Understand the Stakes Improving your low SAT Writing score to something in the 600 territory will significantly support your odds of showing signs of improvement schools. We should take a famous school, Penn State University, as an example.Its normal SAT score is 1270. Its 25th percentile score is 80, and 75th percentile is 1370.Furthermore, its acknowledgment rate is 51%. As it were, somewhat more than half of all candidates are conceded. Be that as it may, the lower your scores, the more awful your odds will be of getting in. In view of our examination, in the event that you score around 80, your odds of admission to Penn State drop to 25%, or around 1/4 chance.But on the off chance that you raise your SAT score to 1370, your odds of affirmation go up to 75%-that is an a lot higher possibility of confirmation! For the Writing area, this is particularly evident on the off chance that you need to apply to humanities or language programs. These projects expect your SAT Writing score to be better than your Math score. So in the event that you score low on this area, they'll likely uncertainty your capacity to do school level humanities work. As should be obvious, it's extremely worth your opportunity to improve your SAT score. Hour for hour,it's the best thing you can do to raise your opportunity of getting into school. Realize That You Can Raise Your SAT Writing Score This isn't only some faltering rousing message you see on the rear of a milk container. That is to say, actually, you and each other understudy can do this. At PrepScholar, I've worked with a huge number of understudies scoring in the lower scope of 300-500. On numerous occasions, I see understudies beat themselves up over their low scores who think improving them is unimaginable. I know I'm not savvy. I've recently never been acceptable at composing, and I can't see myself scoring high. I don't have a clue what to concentrate to improve my score. It makes me extremely upset. Since I realize that, more than all else, your SAT score is a reflection ofhow hard you work and how keenly you study.Not your IQ or your school grades. Not how Ms. Anderson in ninth grade gave you a C on your article. Here's the reason: the SAT is an unusual test. When you take it, don't you get the feeling that the inquiries are in no way like what you've found in school? You've learned language structure before in school. You realize some essential language rules. Be that as it may, the SAT addresses simply appear to be so a lot more bizarre. The test is deliberately planned along these lines. The SAT can't test troublesome ideas since this would be out of line to understudies who never took AP English. It can't request that you dismember Dostoevsky's The Brothers Karamazov. The SAT is a national test all things considered, which implies it needs a level playing field for all understudies around the nation. Therefore, the SAT needs to test ideas that all secondary school understudies will learn. Subject-action word understanding, run-on sentences, pronoun decision, and so forth. You've taken in the entirety of this in school. In any case, the SAT despite everything needs to make the test troublesome, so it tests these fundamental ideas in peculiar manners. This excursions up understudies who don't plan for it, yet it rewards understudies who comprehend the test well. Here's a case of a SAT Writing question, which expects you to discover the language mistake in the sentence: The magistrate, alongside his 20 staff individuals, run a tight battle against the officeholder. This is an exemplary SAT Writing question. Attempt to understand it before perusing on. The blunder here is in thesubject/action word understanding. The subject of the sentence is official, which is particular. The action word, in any case, is run, but since the subject is solitary, it should be runs. In the event that you didn't see a mistake, you fell for a great SAT Writing trap.It intentionally mistook you for the interfering with state, alongside his 20 staff individuals. You're currently envisioning 20 individuals in a battle, which proposes a plural action word! The SAT Writing area is brimming with questions like this one. About each punctuation rule is tried with a particular goal in mind, and in the event that you don't plan for these, you will do a great deal more terrible than you should. Here's the uplifting news: this may have been befuddling the first run through, yet whenever you see an inquiry like this, you'll know precisely what to do:find the subject and the action word, and dispose of the intruding on express. Basically, to improve your SAT Writing score, you simply need to do the accompanying: Gain proficiency with the punctuation rules tried on the SAT Study how the SAT tests these language runs, and figure out how to distinguish which sentence structure rule you have to know for an inquiry Practice with a great deal of sensible SAT Writing questions so you can gain from your mix-ups I'll really expound on precisely how to do the entirety of this. Above all, we should perceive what number of inquiries you'll have to get right on SAT Writing to get a 600 EBRW score. The stuff to Get a 600 (or 30) on SAT Writing In the event that we have an objective score as a primary concern, it assists with understanding what you have to get that score on the real test.Remember that we're focusing on a 600 EBRW score-or, all the more explicitly, aWriting test score of 30,out of 40. Scoring is somewhat convoluted for SAT Writing. Not at all like the Math segment, which is scored on a size of 200-600, Writing is joined with Reading to give you a solitary Evidence-Based Reading and Writing (EBRW) score.In request to get this scaled score, be that as it may, your Writing and Reading scores begin as crude scores (equivalent to the quantity of inquiries you got right). These are changed over into test scores on a size of 10-40. At last, the two grades are joined and changed over to a solitary EBRW score on a size of 200-600. In this sense, when we talk about getting a 600 on SAT Writing, what we truly mean is getting a 30 out of 40 on SAT Writing. Note thatif you decide on the SAT Essay, this score willnotbe remembered for your SAT Writing score (it used to be before 2016; presently, it's a totally isolated score). On the off chance that you could utilize an update on how the SAT is scored,read our top to bottom manual for SAT scoring. Here's a crude score to SAT Writing score transformation table from an official SAT practice test. Know that SAT change tables contrast for each test, so they can't offer a precise transformation only a gauge. Crude Scaled Crude Scaled Crude Scaled Crude Scaled 44 40 32 30 20 23 8 14 43 39 31 30 19 22 7 13 42 38 30 29 18 21 6 13 41 37 29 28 17 21 5 12 40 36 28 28 16 20 4 39 35 27 27 15 19 3 10 38 34 26 26 14 19 2 10 37 34 25 26 13 18 1 10 36 33 24 25 12 17 0 10 35 32 23 25 16 34 32 22 24 10 16 33 31 21 23 9 15 Source: Official SAT Practice Test #1 Notice that in case you're focusing on a 30/40 on Writing, you need a crude score of 31-32, or around 77%. This implies you have to effectively answer somewhat over 3/4 everything being equal. Whatever you're scoring presently, observe the distinction you have to get to a 30. For instance, in case you're scoring a 23, you'd have to address 10-additional inquiries option to get to a 600.Once once more, if your objective is a 500 (or a 25 in Writing), a similar examination applies. Alright so we've secured why getting a higher SAT Writingscore is significant, why you explicitly are equipped for improving your score, and the crude score you have to get to your objective. Presently we'll really get into noteworthy procedures that you should use in your own concentrating to expand your score improvement. Step by step instructions to Improve Your Low SAT Writing Score: 9 Strategies Beneath, I acquaint my top techniques with assistance you get the high SAT Writing score you merit. Methodology 1: Get Used to the SAT Writing Passage Format The SAT Writing design comprises of an entry on the left-hand side and inquiries on the right. The inquiries are shown in the section by underlines and number markers. Investigate: This arrangement is somewhat odd to become acclimated to since you have to switch back and forth between perusing the entry and responding to inquiries regarding sentence structure and composing style. As a portion of the inquiries expect you to comprehend the entry all in all, it can get quite dubious. What's more, dashing your head left and option to respond to questions can at last cause you to lose focus. So in what request do you read the section and answer the inquiries? We suggest this three-advance technique: Peruse each sentence to completion.If the sentence has an underline in the center, don't quit perusing

Fast Food Nation- Why the Fries Taste Good Essay -- Nutrition

â€Å"The fundamental science behind the aroma of your shaving cream is equivalent to that administering the kind of your TV dinner,† (Schlosser 122). Eric Schlosser, the creator of Fast Food Nation: The Dark Side of the All-American Meal was a Princeton graduate with a degree in American History. He’s composed for the Atlantic Monthly since 1996 where he was given a brief about America and its cheap food industry. His basic magazine article changed into a worldwide smash hit. His book was on the New York Times smash hits list for about two years. Schlosser has showed up on an hour, CNN, FOX News, and numerous others. His work has showed up in Rolling Stone and The New Yorker (Drury University). In Schlosser’s book, Chapter 5: â€Å"Why the Fries Taste Good† assists with clarifying what we are really eating with regards to America’s inexpensive food industry. The start of this part centers around the J.R. Simplot Plant which is situated in Arberdeen, Idaho and procedures around a million pounds of potatoes for every day (Schlosser 111). John Richard Simplot was conceived in 1909 and spent quite a bit of his youth taking a shot at his family’s ranch. Simplot conflicted with his dad and dropped out of secondary school at the early age of fifteen and started working at a potato distribution center in Declo, Idaho. When J.R. turned sixteen, he turned into a potato rancher (Schlosser 112). It just took around ten brief a long time for J.R. Simplot to turn into the biggest shipper of potatoes in the West. World War II carried a great deal of riches to Simplot. He offered got dried out onions to the U.S. Armed force and he inevitably got one of the principle providers of food to the U.S. American military during World War II (Schlosser 113). When Simplot was 36 years of age, he had the option to develop, prepare, proces... ...amb Water Gun Knife,† (Schlosser 130). The potatoes became fries and they are whitened, dried, singed, and afterward solidified. Inside the cooler is around 20 million pounds of solidified french fries fit to be dispatched and sold (Schlosser 131). This section centers exclusively around why inexpensive food, fries specifically, taste so great. Schlosser educates his crowd regarding precisely what they are eating when they request an enormous french fry at McDonalds. The fries may begin as new potatoes, however what numerous don’t know is the way new potatoes really transform into the renowned french fry. Works Cited Eric Schlosser Biography. Drury University. Web. 04 Apr. 2012. . Schlosser, Eric. Section 5: Why the Fries Taste Good. Fast Food Nation: The Dark Side of the All-American Meal. New York, NY: Harper Perennial, 2005. Print.

Now reviewing the Wait-List - UGA Undergraduate Admissions

Now reviewing the Wait-List - UGA Undergraduate Admissions Now reviewing the Wait-List We are now at the time of year where we can begin to review the wait-list, although we are just in the initial stages of the process, as we are still waiting on the last of the deposits to roll in. The wait-list is not ranked, although it is not random (as an earlier post referred to) in the sense that we are just going to throw darts at the list and see who to pick. After we have a sense of what the overall deposits looks like, we will then look at the group of students who have said yes to the wait-list to determine how best to round out our freshman class. It will not be based upon one single item, but instead we will look at a wide range of things in making our decision. I ask that you not call, write, email or send anything by messenger pigeon about your chances of admission off the wait-list, or how to better your chances, as we will be making decisions based upon what we have now, and we will not have any keen insight to give you about the process. I expect that we will admit a fair number of students for the Spring 2011 term, but I will not know about Fall until after the deposit numbers are clearer. We have made a small number of wait-list decisions over the past few days (a majority of which were Spring admits), but a majority of the wait-list decisions will not be released until later in the process. Please be patient as we go through the wait-list process, as when we do make offers, it is always in small groups and we will then have to wait for a response from the student. Again, when we make wait-list decisions, we are looking at the overall freshman class who has deposited, and then try to look at how we can fill out the class based upon the overall profile of each wait-list student. Thanks for being patient as we move forward with this process!

Self Discovery In Anita Nairs Ladiesbor - 1330 Words

The paper intends to explore the theme of self discovery through the act of journey in Anita Nair’s Ladies Coupe. Travel narratives are broad genres which illuminate mainly on people, place and culture. Journeys form the focal point of every travel narrative. In literature, the motif of journey is used as a distinctive idea or theme and is used to represent a character’s epiphany or self realization. It provides a personal assertion outside the compressed state of one’s life. Journey is seen as a means of confrontation and as an act of self discovery throughout the novel Ladies Coupe. Ladies Coupe deals with a woman’s quest for strength and independence. Women should realize how important they are, not only at home but also in the society†¦show more content†¦Once we are exposed to the variety of cultures and mentalities of the world, we acquire a broad perspective which gives the freedom to step out of the society-constructed image of ourselves a nd to become the person who we really are. Moreover, travel fills our body, soul and mind with strength and positivity and all our thoughts, words, actions and emotions will then radiate from this inner core. Merriam Webster’s Encyclopedia of Literature defines travel literature as: Non fiction prose form that depends largely on the wit, powers of observation, and character of the traveler for its success. In the past centuries, the traveler tended to be an adventurer or a connoisseur of art, landscape, or strange customs who may also have been a writer of merit. (Kuiper 1128) Travel narratives are prose forms which are written out of traveler’s personal experience and they are considered as an important genre of literary study. They are records of places, people and events of a particular region from the traveler’s point of view. Roy Bridges, a critic on travel narrative comments on the significance of the genre in The Cambridge Companion to Travel Writing: Travel writing†¦ has a complex relationship with the situations in which it arouse. It is taken to mean a discourse to describe and interpret for its readers a geographical area together with its natural attributes and its human society and culture. Travel writing may embrace approaches ranging from an

Young Love and Relationships - 1410 Words

Young Love and Relationships Everybody feels love at one time or another, be it a love for a family member or a friend. Some people fall in and out of love on a regular basis while others take time to find just the right one. Everyone experiences this differently. Love between two people is distinct and exceptional. Although being in love with someone is easy and free, love is still a powerful emotion that can build and destroy. Since majority of the youth in our society start with their first love and relationship at the age of thirteen, many are also fooled. Many confuse true love with infatuation. Although this is not entirely a bad thing, still many are often caught in sticky situations.(i.e. Pre-marital Sex, Teenage Pregnancy,†¦show more content†¦In real love, both should be encouraging each other to fulfill their dreams whether or not they do it side by side or far away from each other. Love can wait. If two people are meant for each other God will make a way because the will of God can never be broken. He will be the One opening doors for the two persons to meet. Arnel Pineda once sang a song with the lyrics too much love can kill you, and indeed it can. In a relationship, be it just a fling or a serious one, we can never be sure if that relationship would last. We are never sure if the person we are with right now is the person we are going to be with in the next ten or twenty years. And when we love someone too much, we believe that we cannot live life without him. That is why losing him may cause us to stop living our lives. This is not real love. Just like an old saying being passed around for centuries, â€Å"Too much of anything is bad.† This proves that truly loving someone should never be too much because true love does not cause harm, but instead brings harmony. Furthermore, True love is selfless; infatuation is too much. Since romantic love is extremely selfless, a person may sacrifice everything and simply live his life for the other. This is wrong because any relationship is not exceptional from conflicts. And to top it all , we don t know for sure if this person we are having a relationship with, is the one we would last with. That is why a relationship should have a strong foundation with God. It hasShow MoreRelatedThe, And Music Over Time1243 Words   |  5 PagesFalling in love has been defined in many ways throughout history. We can look back on literature, film, and music over time and get a basic understanding of the process of falling in love emotionally for both teenagers and adults. As science has advanced, we are now able to go deeper into the psyche and investigate the psychological changes an adolescent goes through while falling in love. We can also examine the physiological changes an adolescent faces while falling in love. 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M.A. Project Work Free Essays

Publication Month Year :  July 2009 Authors:  Mora Sowjanya Dr. Lokanandha Reddy Irala Industry:  Automobiles Region:  India Abstract: The objective of this case study is to illustrate the lessons of capital investment decisions through Tata Motor’s Nano project. In 2003, Ratan Tata, chairman of Tata Group, announced his vision of designing a safe and affordable car for the common man. We will write a custom essay sample on M.A. Project Work or any similar topic only for you Order Now However, right from its inception, the project had gone through several hurdles. Finally, overcoming all the financial, technical and social challenges, Nano, acclaimed as the world’s cheapest car, was launched amidst much hype and attention from all sections of media. While giving a brief on the entire journey of Nano from the origin of the idea to its launch, the case study highlights the importance of quantitative and qualitative factors in the evaluation of capital investment decisions. Besides, it provides the learning opportunities to discuss the nature of the capital budgeting decisions and its various types. Pedagogical Objectives: * To understand the nature of Tata’s Nano project and analyse the sequence of events that marked the launch of Nano * To derive relevant capital investment lessons from the way Nano project was conceived, handled and executed * To debate on the role of qualitative parameters in capital investment decisions and weighing the magainst quantitative analysis. Keywords :  Initial Capital Outlay; Qualitative Factors; Capital Investments; Irreversible projects; Capital Budgeting; Strategic; Long-term planning; MBA; Corporate Finance; Financial Management; Finance for Managers; Business Finance; Principles of Financial Management; Course Case Maps; Course Case Packs; Managerial Finance; Financial Management Course Case Pack; Financial Management Course Case capital budgeting of tata motors,  capital budgeting of tata nano,  capital budgeting technique of tata nano,  tata motors capital budgeting,  capital budget of tata motors,  capital budgeting of tata pdf,  tata com motor from capital budeting,  tata com from capital budeting,  capital budgeting statement of tata motors,  capital budgeting of tata motors of 2012,  capital budgeting of tata motors in pdf,  capital budgeting of tata steel,  showing capital budgeting of tata motors,  capital budget of tata,  capita budget of tata moters,  capital budget of tata nano,project report capital budgeting of tata motors, How to cite M.A. Project Work, Essay examples

Criticisms of Traditional Budgeting-Free-Samples for Students

Question: Critically Discuss the Criticisms of Traditional Budgeting and Evaluate the two Approaches. Answer: Introduction The term budgeting came into existence way back in the 1920s when the need to have a control over the costs and the cash flows of a company arose amongst the various managers. With time, the same has become one of the methods to analyse the performance of the managers. However, with modernisation and globalisation, the age old traditional budgeting wherein a years time is taken into consideration and portrays such forecasts that do not tend to alter during the lifecycle of the said budget. Organisations prefer the traditional method since it is a very simple one. Unfortunately, the said methodology has undergone various criticisms and is said to be unable to fulfil the requirements of todays entities. As per critics, the traditional budgeting is too rigid and not timed appropriately i.e the time period is too long or short, is dependent upon such measures which are not apt and are either too rigid or extraordinarily flexible or too strategically placed such as the incentive scheme fo r the managers is such which ends up giving unwanted signals. It is rightly being considered that traditional budgeting no longer enables meeting up with the modern needs of the businesses (Aydin, 2017). Therefore various researches have been conducted over the years by various researchers and practitioners which basically are very apt such as beyond budgeting, rolling forecasts and activity based budgeting, which are some of the newest and better defined methods of budgeting. Surprisingly, even though traditional form of budgeting has faced various criticisms, it is still preferred by many even now. It is understood that many organizations still prefer to use the said method. The discontentment is basically in two fronts, firstly amongst those who want to abandon it and those who wish to improvise upon the same. Budgets help to co-ordinate, plan and evaluate the performance of the company, acts as a mode of motivation for the employees and also enhance the already installed internal control systems performances. Around ninety percent of the or ganizations who belong to the developed and developing countries, ensure to use budgeting (Reka et.al. 2014). Reasons For Traditional Budgeting To Be Abandoned -The uncertainty in the business environment is one of the main reasons why traditional budgeting should be abandoned. It has been found that the traditional method is not consistent with the association that exists between the environmental ambiguity and the dependence on accounting based performance measures. Basically the focus of the traditional budgeting is upon the fixed performance contracts wherein the success rate is determined basis the achievement of the set goals and aims. Hence it is very obvious that the juniors would always like to set such budget goals which is easiest for them to achieve. Lastly with regards uncertainty, this kind of indicator of employee performance, may force the staff to cater to such activities which are unacceptable thereby hampering the quality of the budget as well (Liang Wang, 2011). Another very prominent reason for the traditional budgeting being abandoned or should be abandoned is that the stability of the business environment and the competitiveness was not as tough as it is presently. Due to which a more strategic method is required. Centralisation no more works well with all organizations. As organizations grow, decentralisation seems to be a must, simply because it helps the organizations to adapt itself with the changing environment. Another very crucial reason why budgeting is loosing importance is that environments which are not certain, it is very difficult to forecast each single line item for a year or more in advance. Beyond Budgeting- Issues And Practicalities Whenever an entity adapts beyond budgeting, it basically discards the old budgeting method in favour of a range of techniques which would ultimately enable the entity to become more flexible to the changing scenario. Basically the said method of abandonment adopts a fundamentally decentralised way of control. Within the management accounting techniques which is a part of the said model, relative performance evaluation requires specific care. The said replacement was first suggested by the Swedish bank Svenska Handelsbanken, which contains a branch structure which offers within the branch benchmarking. Unfortunately the said method is not widely applied by various entities because measurement of the same lacks common-measure biasness. The functioning of Beyond Budgeting ensured more concentration towards setting up of targets in conjunction with a more detailed decentralised action. Those entities who are on the verge of or have already abandoned the traditional budgeting, yet have ma intained a system for financial target setting (Sandalgaard, Bukh, 2014). In the case study of Borealis, they had to let go of traditional budgeting and adopt the concept of Beyond Budgeting simply because the product and the supplier market was undergoing such a fast change that the old method was becoming obsolete soon. There traditional budget which was prevalent used to cater various purposes which was successful in creating value but only in the past. However the same failed in the current scenario. Hence they decided to abandon the same. By doing so, Borealis discovered that the management ended up to gain a new intellect of empowerment and a more confident attitude (Tian et.al. 2015). In the process it enabled to reduce costs drastically. Better Budgeting The said alternative to traditional budgeting basically talks about the various improvements that can be done in the already applicable traditional budgeting, of which rolling forecast is said to be one of it. The practitioners of this method are more inclined towards revisiting the said set budget but for abandoning the same in totality (Raye, 2015). This way the entities prefer to re-visit and check their already set forecasts on a monthly or a quarterly basis and thereby update the same. However the same has been made easy due to the usage of various spreadsheets for ensuring compilation of the data of various scattered departments within an organization. Another technique which the Better Budgeting uses is zero base budgeting wherein the old budget is not considered while preparing the new one thus starting the same from zero as the name says (Waterlander et.al. 2010). The said technique was developed by Peter A. Phyrr when he was a part of Texas Instruments (Uyar, 2009). The fact that budget is linked to strategy cannot be ignored in totality, thus if the budget prepared is not in line with the strategy of the organization then the entire objective of the same gets defeated. Even though in present day scenario the traditional budgeting offers various disadvantages, yet the same has some advantages also to offer such as planning, control and performance management due to which the same is becoming difficult to abandon it in totality by some organizations. Thus the only alternative in such cases are to ensure that the same is being improvised so that it can cope up with the present day competition. Traditional Budgeting Vs Beyond Budgeting- What The Practice Says Budgeting has always been a matter of concern and one of the most researched topics amongst various researchers and practitioners. Over the past few years, the traditional method of budgeting has been under criticism yet the same is widely used and entities still seem to be of the opinion of continuing with the same with improvements. The literature has made it very clear that the discontentment in basically in two areas- one who want to abandon it and the other who want to improvise upon the already existing one. In the year 2006, Dugdale and Lyne had conducted a survey amongst the financial and non-financial managers of 40 companies of UK and concluded that budgeting is still not dead and is hail and hearty. The participants have made it very clear that it is not possible to get away of it in full but yes the one already in vogue needs some improvements. As per the present scenario it can be well said that beyond budgeting will not be adopted by all and hence portrays a mixed picture. However it has been found out that the Skandinavian Bank had abandoned traditional budgeting and post that it has become the largest bank in Skandinavia. It adopted decentralisation wherein the bank treated each branch as a separate independent profit centre. Thus on analysing the same, it is understood that the inclination is not one sided but mixed. It is organization specific and thus presently budgeting is standing at the crossroads. Conclusion Thus on a concluding note it can be said that in the near future as well as in the long term, beyond budgeting will not be able to wipe off the traditional budgeting. However if the same is analysed and studied in depth then it can emerge as a better solution. Yet, one cannot forget that the main aim behind budgeting is to help the management improvise upon the strategies it lays down and thereby ensure good planning. The alternative budgeting modals and ways gained importance since they answered to the issues spelt out by the traditional budgeting. Beyond budgeting offers an array of advantages, yet the same is at its nascent stage. The said concept still needs to be researched more before the same is accepted by all. Even though traditional budgeting has been criticised off-lately, but the same has not yet been proposed to be eradicated in totality. References: Aydin,E., (2017), The Usefulness of Traditional Budgeting in Todays Business Environment, Available at https://www.turkishtaxnews.com/articles/the-usefulness-of-traditional-budgeting-in-today-s-business-environment/ (Accessed 01st August 2017) Dugdale, D. and Lyne S. (2006), Budgeting practice and organisational structure, Research Executive Summaries, vol. 6, no. 4, [Online], Available at: https://www. cimaglobal.com/Documents/Thought_leadership_docs/Budgeting%20and%20planning/cid_ ressum_budgeting_practice_organisational_structure_may2010.pdf, (Accessed on 01st August 2017) Liang,Y., Wang,Y., (2011), Research on Budgeting and Abandoning Budgeting for Management, Available at file:///C:/Users/E-ZONE/Downloads/11.pdf (Accessed on 01st August 2017) Raye,K., (2015), What is the Difference Between a Budget and a Rolling Budget? Available at https://smallbusiness.chron.com/difference-between-budget-rolling-budget-65435.html (Accessed 01st August 2017) Reka,C.I., Stefan,P., Daniel,C.V., (2014), Traditional Budgeting Versus Beyond Budgeting: A Literature Review, Available at file:///C:/Users/E-ZONE/Downloads/12.pdf (Accessed 01st August 2017) Sandalgaard,N., Bukh, P.N., (2014), Beyond Budgeting and change: A Case Study, Available at https://pnbukh.com/files/nyheder/JAOC_2014.pdf (Accessed 01st August 2017) Tian,J., Ni,Q.L., Hao, Q., Wu,D., (2015), The Application of the Beyond Budgeting to Organizations An Example of Application of Borealis Company, Modern Management Science Engineering, Vol. 3, no. 1 [Online], Available at file:///C:/Users/E-ZONE/Downloads/451-1000-1-SM.pdf (Accessed on 01st August 2017) Uyar,A., (2009), An Evaluation of Budgeting Approaches : Traditional Budgeting, Better Budgeting and Beyond Budgeting, Available at file:///C:/Users/E-ZONE/Downloads/An%20Evaluation%20of%20Budgeting%20Approaches-Traditional%20Budgeting,%20Better%20Budgeting,%20and%20Beyond%20Budgeting-AKADEM-K%20ARA-TIRMLAR.pdf (Accessed on 01st August 2017) Waterlander,O., Clark,A., Groves, S., Nordahl,H., (2010), Zero-based Cost Management- A Holistic Approach to Managing Budgets, Available at https://www.strategyand.pwc.com/media/uploads/Zero-Based-Cost-Management.pdf (Accessed 01st August 2017)

The Horror of Christianity Essay Example For Students

The Horror of Christianity Essay A Pagan Joke A Pagan died and, much to her surprise, found herself at the Pearly Gates facing St. Peter. He walked up to her and said, Hello, and welcome. She stared at St. Peter in complete confusion. Wait a minute, she said. I was supposed to end up in the Summerlands. He smiled. Ah, you must be one of our Pagan sisters. Follow me, please. Peter gestured for her to follow him down a small path, which went through the gates and down a bit to the left. They walked for a short while, then he stepped back and gestured her forward. Looking past his hand, she saw the verdant fields and forests of her desired Summerlands. She saw people feasting, dancing, and making merry, exactly as she expected. While shaking her head in wonder, the Pagan happened to glance over to one side and saw a small group of people a short way away from the edge of the Summerlands. The people in the group were watching the revelers, but not joining them. Instead, they were screaming and weeping piteously. The Pag an looked at St. Peter. Who are those people? St. Peter replied, Them? Theyre fundamentalists. Theyre a bit surprised to see you all there, so they stand there and carry on like that all day. Why? Dont they have better things to do? Peter leaned conspiratorially toward her. They dont really have a choice. Theyre actually in Hell. God doesnt like being told what He thinks. I start this paper with this joke to prove a point. When read, pagans, athiests, and those that lie outside the mainstream of Christianity will enjoy it, while Christian Fundamentalists and Conservatives will think it is in poor taste. Some might go so far as to say My goodness, he is going to step on a lot of toes with that! The question remains, though, WHOSE toes, and why does it matter? The answer can be found if we examine the psychology of Christianity. We will write a custom essay on The Horror of Christianity specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Christianity is one of the worlds most widespread and pervasive religions, and has been around a good long while. Wherever it goes, it seems to spread and promulgate and overrun. Evangelistic Christians send out missionaries to fulfill one of the commands given to them in the Bible: Go ye forth and preach the Gospel to all nations, baptizing them in the name of the Father, Son, and Holy Spirit. (Mt. 28:19) Christians believe in a vision that separates them from all other people and places them at the feet of the throne of God, to give and grant blessings to the rest of unenlightened humanity. From this mighty pedestal they judge all other faiths and cultures to be inferior. They send forth missionaries and warriors into heathen lands, to bring the true faith to the pagan people. Christians will go into tribes in Africa and New Guinea, preach to the natives, and tell them to go and follow Exodus 22:18 (Thou shall not suffer a witch to live), and kill their healers and shamans. This is not a new idea, however: The Old Testament is riddled with references of God either killing someone not worshipping Him, or telling his followers to put to death those who do not honor him: If thy brother, the son of thy mother, or thy son, or thy daughter, or the wife of thy bosom, or thy friend, which is as thine own soul, entice thee secretly, saying, Let us go and serve other gods, which thou hast not known, thou, nor thy fathers; Namely, of the gods of the people which are round about you , nigh unto thee, or far off from thee, from the one end of the earth even unto the other end of the earth; But thou shalt surely kill him; thine hand shall be first upon him to put him to death, and afterwards the hand of all the people. (Deut. 13:6-9) One might wonder WHY the Bible, the cornerstone of a religion and the basis for all Christians morals would be so riddled with these injustices? The answer is two-fold, and can only be reached if faith and blind acceptance are stripped away, a nd the history and text of the religion can be viewed with open and unclouded eyes. .u1e00e7f711faa7545730ea7d1f69fe72 , .u1e00e7f711faa7545730ea7d1f69fe72 .postImageUrl , .u1e00e7f711faa7545730ea7d1f69fe72 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u1e00e7f711faa7545730ea7d1f69fe72 , .u1e00e7f711faa7545730ea7d1f69fe72:hover , .u1e00e7f711faa7545730ea7d1f69fe72:visited , .u1e00e7f711faa7545730ea7d1f69fe72:active { border:0!important; } .u1e00e7f711faa7545730ea7d1f69fe72 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u1e00e7f711faa7545730ea7d1f69fe72 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u1e00e7f711faa7545730ea7d1f69fe72:active , .u1e00e7f711faa7545730ea7d1f69fe72:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u1e00e7f711faa7545730ea7d1f69fe72 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u1e00e7f711faa7545730ea7d1f69fe72 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u1e00e7f711faa7545730ea7d1f69fe72 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u1e00e7f711faa7545730ea7d1f69fe72 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u1e00e7f711faa7545730ea7d1f69fe72:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u1e00e7f711faa7545730ea7d1f69fe72 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u1e00e7f711faa7545730ea7d1f69fe72 .u1e00e7f711faa7545730ea7d1f69fe72-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u1e00e7f711faa7545730ea7d1f69fe72:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Life and Times of Alexander the Great EssayExamining the history and development of the Israelite nation, one is amazed at the precision and the utter brilliance of the Israelites approach to territorial expansion. During this time period, the common practice of an invading nation was to come in, conquer the territory by any means possible, and declare it to be part of their empire. The invaders would take a census of the populace, tallying up ages and gender. The army would then conscript some of the able bodied men for its army, and send the rest of the stronger men (including boys as young as 10), and the virgins and beautiful women to the capitol of the Empire to work as slaves in the fields or in the household. The invaders would impose their laws, set up a civil police, and just let the area be. The flaw with this: the locals still had their religion, their identities, and their freedoms. No society in history has ever remained perpetually subjugated when they are allowed to think what they wish; Likewise, after a given amount of time the overrun territories would rise up against the empire, and the empire would lose control. (Kishlansky )The Israelite corrected this: wherever they conquered, they would take EVERYONE, man, woman, and child as slaves, separating them and interspersing them with the rest of the prisoner population. Also, they would destroy the temples and the idols, ensuring that their God would be the only one to survive. The Israelites thus conquered other nations and promulgated their religion at the same time. What better way to coerce conversion than squashing all sense of individuality? These laws written in the Bible were good for what they were designed for: the expansion of a nation and the peacekeeping of the people. However, in this age of the World Nation, why are these old laws trotted out time and time again? Shouldnt Christianity have better ways of keeping itself afloat?The answer to that question is no, it shouldnt, and doesnt have to. These Old Testament laws and the newer mandates from the New Testament exhibit the bullets of Christianitys big guns: Fear. The question has been asked countless times since the Renaissance, how did a religion based on a book that has been edited and re-edited countless times, indeed didnt even EXIST in its entirety for a good portion of Christian history, spread so far so rapidly? The answer can be pulled directly from the pages of the Bible itself. The overwhelming message expressed in the Bible is accept Jesus, or be condemned to hell. (Barker) But alas, only one thing keeps Jesus the Almighty, Son of God, and God Incarnate from perfecting humanity. As all good Christians know that their omniscient and omnipresent God allows the entity known as Satan, the Devil, to create crisis and danger to Christianity. This is a fundamental basis for obedience to all Christian law, obey or the devil will take your soul, that as an individual, if you move beyond the protection of the Church, you will be assaulted and possessed by demonic forces. At all sides you will be led to dangerous decisions and horrid temptati ons and finally you will fall into immorality and sin. If you die beyond the protection of the Church, the devil will take your soul to a place of everlasting pain, and forevermore you will be lost to your family and all the good things in your life. This belief in such an adversary as the Devil, and the Leap of Faith that believes this entity is behind every negative action creates a state of paranoia within the Christian Culture. What non-Christians fear is that this demand for security emerging out of paranoia will lead to irrational decisions and sudden destructive behavior. Once the people of a Christian community believe harm, through agents of the devil, has entered their community then they will demand of you the declaration of belief. At this moment, you see the true doctrine of paranoia that leads to massacres and burnings, lynchings and Murder. It comes from the pulpit and it is a fearsome sound. And it sounds like this: If you do not believe in Christ then you are in the control of Satan. If you have not asked Jesus into your heart then the devil has possessed your wicked heart. All men are born with original sin, and only through the word of God, as spoken by me can cleanse you of your sin. By partaking in this ritual of cleansing, a baptism in water, you are born anew into our community, free of the devil. But alas the battle between Good and Evil, God and Satan occurs all around us, at all times. Our faith keeps us strong and only by saving all souls within the community can we ever be truly secure. God has given us permission to preach and convert them as the Disciples of Christ did. Use whatever force needed to protect your lives and you will be martyred if you die in this holy quest. If needed, kill them all and let Gods will sort them out. (Hubbard)This statement is harsh but has been given time and time again from the pulpit and altars of the Church. At its core is the belief that you must believe what I believe or you are potentially my en emy and you are harboring a supernatural being that is seeking to destroy me and my family. With such a horrifying enemy, then any measure of violence can become acceptable to the Christian right up to and including Armageddon and the destruction of the physical world. Pagans fear this arbitrary violence and the effects of deep paranoia led by manipulative men under the guise of a loving church. The historical accounts of violence combined with the daily occurrences of violence reported from around the globe, including inside the United States, done in the name of Jesus Christ assure us that this is not an unfounded fear. We know when the Christian calls you the Devil they are preparing to attack you, and when they call your people pagans and ignorant savages they are about to commit genocide. When it begins your primitive and devil filled culture is put to the torch in order to save all these newfound souls for Christ. Ultimately the Christian message becomes convert or be ostraciz ed, join or suffer, love Christ or be of the devil, and accept the Church or be destroyed. Not all Christians do this and not at all times. But some Christians do commit acts of destruction and this fearful violence is occurring everyday and has occurred for most of the last two millennia somewhere on our world. The night is black,Without a moon. .u76cddeb9c1c96c823b2129052b46ff7b , .u76cddeb9c1c96c823b2129052b46ff7b .postImageUrl , .u76cddeb9c1c96c823b2129052b46ff7b .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u76cddeb9c1c96c823b2129052b46ff7b , .u76cddeb9c1c96c823b2129052b46ff7b:hover , .u76cddeb9c1c96c823b2129052b46ff7b:visited , .u76cddeb9c1c96c823b2129052b46ff7b:active { border:0!important; } .u76cddeb9c1c96c823b2129052b46ff7b .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u76cddeb9c1c96c823b2129052b46ff7b { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u76cddeb9c1c96c823b2129052b46ff7b:active , .u76cddeb9c1c96c823b2129052b46ff7b:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u76cddeb9c1c96c823b2129052b46ff7b .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u76cddeb9c1c96c823b2129052b46ff7b .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u76cddeb9c1c96c823b2129052b46ff7b .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u76cddeb9c1c96c823b2129052b46ff7b .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u76cddeb9c1c96c823b2129052b46ff7b:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u76cddeb9c1c96c823b2129052b46ff7b .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u76cddeb9c1c96c823b2129052b46ff7b .u76cddeb9c1c96c823b2129052b46ff7b-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u76cddeb9c1c96c823b2129052b46ff7b:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Rosa Parks Essaythe air is thick and still. The vigilantes gather onThe lonely torchlit hill. Features distorted in the flickering light,The faces are twisted and grotesque. Silent and stern in the sweltering night,The mob moves like demons possesed. Quiet in conscience, calm in their right,Confident their ways are best. The righteous riseWith burning eyesOf hatred and ill-will. Madmen fed on fear and liesTo beat and burn and kill. They say there are strangers who threaten us,In our immigrants and infidels. They say there is strangeness too dangerousIn our theatres and bookstore shelves,That those who know whats best for usMust rise and save us from ourselves. Quick to judge,Quick to anger,Slow to understandIgnorance and prejudiceAnd fearWalk hand in hand. Neil Peart, Witch HuntWords/ Pages : 1,981 / 24

Battle of Verdun

Battle of Verdun Introduction Beginning February 21 to December 1916 the Battle of Verdun can be considered one of the largest battles fought during WWI between France and Germany with a total combined death count of 698,000 on both sides (Horne, 1994). Based on the account of Alistair Horne in his book The Price of Glory this paper will elaborate and examine some of the more interesting facets of the war involving pride, nationalism and the de-humanization of combatants brought about by the combination of such factors. Going even further into human aspect of the war elaborated on by Horne, this paper will examine the reasons that drove both combatants to fight over what was basically a useless piece of land and how the end result was nothing more than a war of costly attrition with a pyrrhic victory at the end.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Battle of Verdun specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Pride and Verdun When examining the accou nt of Horne regarding the Battle of Verdun it becomes obvious that the entire context of the battle itself was one of pride between two contenders that entered into what can be roughly described as a pissing contest between two countries. For example, if you were to observe the greater context of the First World War it becomes immediately obvious that there was very little to be gained from Germany attacking Verdun while at the same time France had little to lose from merely allowing Germany to take Verdun. The area wasnt situated in what can be described as a strategically viable position in terms of allowing Germany to push further into France nor would holding the area allow the French army to cut off any German supply routes or allow the Germans to access any viable resources from the region since Verdun itself held little, if any, war potential in terms of munitions factories or stockpiled resources. Based on the account of Horne it can be seen that Verdun was a matter of pride between the actors wherein it became a symbol of French resistance against German incursions while at the same time it was a way of showing Germanys resolve in winning the war. Going even further back to understand that factors that lead to irrational exuberance that permeated this desire to go to war over what can be described as a worthless piece of land, one would come across a variety of historical snippets (as indicated by Horne) which show that the land itself was heavily contested between the French and Germans even before the start of WWI. This in itself is quite interesting especially when overlaying the nationalism that was used as a factor to drive the inexorable war machine forward it can be seen that when nationalism meets pride minor disagreements can often erupt into major conflicts resulting in the deaths of hundreds of thousands of people.Advertising Looking for essay on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Despite the overwhelming loss of life on both sides over something that had nothing to do with actually winning the war it can be seen from the account of Horne that extreme nationalism urged both sides to keep on fighting with German Field Marshall Von Falkenhayn famously saying that they would bleed the French white. What is interesting about this particular account of the war is that when taking it and overlaying it in the greater context of wars within human society it can be seen that a lot of them were a direct result of pride and nationalism taking precedence over common sense and practicality. Even in the modern day era with the current war on terror it can be seen that a large percentage of radical Islamic militants turn towards terrorism due to feelings related to nationalism and the desire to protect their traditional way of life. Nationalism and Inhuman Treatment Continuing the in the same vein of though regarding nationalism, pride and how these fueled the battle of Verdun it is quite interesting to note that it was also during this particular battle that the first recorded instance of poison gas was utilized. This is an important factor to take into consideration since when you combine its usage with the various de-humanizing aspects related to the battle itself it becomes all to obvious that nationalism and pride taken to its zenith enables countries to not think of the ethical and moral considerations of war (as explained by Horne when he elaborated on the various human factors behind and during the battle of Verdun) and as a result dehumanizes the enemy enabling the most atrocious of actions to become acceptable all for the sake of winning. This is particularly enlightening especially when taking into consideration the inherently hypocritical noble and just reasoning elaborated on by state leaders and generals at time regarding the justness of their cause in the face of thousands of deaths. Such a method of justifying atrocities h as actually been endemic in countries such as France and Germany in the past wherein the Crusades (various attempts at retaking the Christian Holy Land from Muslim hands which resulted in millions of deaths on both sides) were fueled by religious fervor.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Battle of Verdun specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In the present religion has been replaced by nationalism however it is no less effective in justifying the deaths of thousands all for the sake of a just cause. Pyrrhic victory The last and but not the least most interesting aspect of the account of Horne was that in the end both sides gained nothing from the battle of Verdun and for the French it was nothing more than a pyrrhic victory while for the Germans they actually accomplished what they set out to do and that was to â€Å"bleed the French white† (however in terms of an overall military victory the French actually â€Å" won† at Verdun since the Germans were unable to either capture the city of Verdun nor were they able to inflict greater causalities to the French). First and foremost what you have to understand is that despite the sheer amount of deaths on both sides by end of the Battle on December 1916 both sides were quite literally at the same fronts they were in when the battle started in the first place. Thus, from a certain perspective, it can be surmised that the entire battle was useless from start to finish since neither side actually were able to advance, both suffered costly causalities that hampered their war potential and in the end the battle itself was fought for reasons that are both incredibly selfish and can even be described as incredibly stupid given the amount of people died for them. Conclusion Based on the account of Horne and the opinions presented in this paper it can be stated that the entire battle of Verdun was a complete was of human life and shows how nationalis m and pride can lead to actions that can basically be described as insanely stupid. Reference List Horne, A. (1994). The price of glory: Verdun 1916.

Child hood obesity Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Child hood obesity - Assignment Example Child obesity rates in the U.S. have more than trebled in the previous 30 years, and one of every three kids is obese, counting the children in Ohio.   Obesity of such prevalent proportions can lead to innumerable negative implications on children’s health, and the health of the adults they develop into.  Around one-third of Ohio children are obese or overweight, and that number has been growing over the years. Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Centre and the Ohio Children’s Hospital Association have powerfully reinforced this bill from thebeginning. According to the 2008 Ohio Family Health Survey, around 500,000 children between the age 10-17 (35.6%) are regarded as overweight or obese according to BMI-for-age values. Moreover, the National Survey of Children’s Health implies that 37.1% of children ages 10-17 in Kentucky are overweight or obese, positioning Kentucky as the 48th in the nation. These general statistics disguise the greater burden of obesity among low income as well as minority populations. It is a common fact that physically fit and active children actually do better educationally, and that large and overweight children are 30% more likely to repeat a grade and nearly 60% more probable to miss more than two weeks of school. It is indications like these that support policy makers comprehend why action is needed. The wide spread epidemic of obesity will require an intensive comeback on the part of families, communities, practitioners as well as policy makers at the local, state, and national points. Focus should linger on generating the evidence base to notify policy decisions, creating timely data available to support and assist in monitoring progress, serving practitioners in improving their ability to stop, recognize, and cope with children who face obesity, and associating with community organizations to improve synchronised, multi-sectorial responses. A specific importance in our work will

Marketing Plan of Wallmart entering Germany (Product being the store) Term Paper

Marketing Plan of Wallmart entering Germany (Product being the store) - Term Paper Example In the previous fiscal 2010, with sales of $405billion, the company employed 2.1 million associates worldwide. The Fortune Magazine 2010 has ranked Wal-Mart among the top 10 retailers in the world. Wal-Mart goal is to save the money of its customers and help them live better (Wal-Mart, n.d). Wal-mart has its retail stores across the country, thus this paper deals with the expansion strategy of Wal-Mart in Germany. The retail market in Germany has reported to fall unexpectedly by 2.33% in September 2010; but the German retail market has experienced a recovery from the crises in 2010 and generating revenue of 400billion EUR (PRLog, 2011). Thus Wal-Mart can take this opportunity as its competitive advantage lies in low cost pricing and thus expand itself in Germany. Internationalization Wal-Mart draws its competitive advantage from the aspect of its unique supply chain management strategy using advanced technological tools like Enterprise Resource Planning. The supply chain management s trategy of the company such as cross docking and real time information sharing between suppliers is used to forecast demand on the basis of real time data that is further used to manage the inventory carrying costs. Use of real time information sharing enables the company to eliminate instances of overstocking or stock outs that helps in managing inventory carrying costs. The cross docking system initiated by the company also ensures that inventory is not stored and there is no standing time. The cost savings incurred due to inventory management is passed on to the customers in the form of an EDLP (Every Day Low Price) strategy where the company provides services at low prices that helps in attracting and retaining customers (Dess, Lumpkin & Eisner, 2009, p.180). The role of the external environment is also another aspect that determines the success of the international expansion program of a company. In case of Wal-Mart the level of technological expertise in a market is also impor tant as suppliers need to be linked to its supply chain management. Germany being a technologically developed nation would easily help Wal-Mart to supplement its core competence in supply chain management so as to replicate its successful EDLP program in the German market. Wal-Mart would essentially use a push-pull strategy to gain a formidable presence in the German market. A push-pull strategy is essentially used by firms when they have a system of forecasting demand on the basis of real time information sharing. In the German market the technology driven supply chain management would of Wal-Mart and its EDLP program would help in pushing the products to the consumers (push strategy) while the external market demand of the service of the company among the members of the target market audience would act as a pulling factor of bringing in the consumers (pull strategy). Traditionally, retail firms have been relying on push based strategies as a pull strategy involves considerable

Tsiolkas Loaded and Shakespeares Antony and Cleopatra

Tsiolkas Loaded and Shakespeares Antony and Cleopatra One of the key concerns at the heart of communities is the notion of inclusion and exclusion. Loaded and Antony and Cleopatra Tsiolkas Loaded, and Shakespeares Antony and Cleopatra present a primary protagonist, both conduct themselves outside of the social norms expected of them. Ari, the character in Loaded and Antony from Antony and Cleopatra will be compared. A review of their behaviour and response at times of inclusion and exclusion in society. Fukuyama suggests inclusion is, the expectation that arises within a community of regular, honest and cooperative behaviour, based on commonly shared norms (Fukuyama: 25). Ari and Antonys self-expectations differ from community shared norms, which exclude them; though in moments of compliance to the expected behaviours are included to which both authors represent the protagonist in a non-socially-destructive light, compared to following individualistic desire. TsiolkasAri connects his sense of community in the main narrative within the drug scene, clubs, secret homosexuality and music. Tsiolkas introduces a day and night with a 19-year-old Ari as the narrator, and the main protagonist as the reader follows to witness Aris dramaturgy, in his dialogue and behaviour depending on his social interactions. A self-confessed interloper of the social norms expected by the family structure he states, What I am is a runner. Running away from a thousand and one things, that people say you have to be or should want to be. (Tsiolkas:180). The reader can be confused just like the protagonist as Ari enjoys others company and has the brotherly love to be concerned about his Sisters relationship and protects his older Brother from their sometimes cantankerous Mother. Furthermore showing empathy towards his mothers home situation, even enjoying the connection with his mother when drinking, and enjoying Greek music with friends and family. He considers his Th ea (Aunty) during a coffee cup fortune reading, has mindfulness of his friend Joes uncomfortableness of homosexuality and Aris though struggling with Joe growing up he chooses to remain without external comment on these matters. Moreover, the acceptance of Johnno (Yianni) Toula as a valid member of society, to which Ari himself admires Johnnos (Yianni) strength to transform himself into Toula, a brave move within the Greek community and Australia at the time. Although the reader is witness to Aris interactions, internal and external dialogue, comparatively Ari through action versus his inner dialogue towards family and friends presents the desire to be included. The paradox, Ari in Loaded is an agent of his exclusion, throughout Loaded, Tsiolkas failure to adhere to mainstream morality and sexuality meant exclusion from the immigrant communal experience. (Frangos:13) Moreover, portrayed by Aris choice by not conveying his homosexuality his Greekness or Australianisms, to himself nor his parents. Inclusion is only on his terms during a period of emerging into adulthood, understanding his sexual and cultural identity while additionally conducting himself in self-destructive binges of unprotected sex with strangers, drug and alcohol use, as he divides of his home city into negative quarters to which he does not identify as an actual community. Thus, Aris denial of identity in a time of confusion and rebellion as a teen verging on adulthood. He denies himself of social inclusion which notably he replaces with his walkman playing selected soundtracks to survive the everyday. Although at brief moments Ari is compelled to be included within his so cial network of family and friends he shifts from the Greek music, contemporary music and movie loving teen to A dedicated non-conformist, he rejects media culture for its second-rate quality, levelling effect and mass appeal. He also abhors the shackling traditions of his Greek community, which he harshly criticises. (Vernay:44) Tsiolkas, therefore, presents Ari to the reader with secret identity issues and self-abuse during a difficult period of growing up showing how destructive self-exclusion from the community can impact on the personal perception of self. Additionally, though the community is not a utopia when included can bring with it belonging. Shakespeares Antony in Antony and Cleopatra struggles between Roman Stoicism and Egyptian Epicureanism, fuelled by a social and internal conflict between his love for Cleopatra and the expectations from the Roman Empire. Antony, formerly a Roman hero who won his position and admiration of the Roman community as one of the three leaders of Rome. Although, Shakespeare introduces Antony proclaiming his love for Cleopatra denouncing the Roman empire and his role within it. To which the next scene Antony is struggling with this proclamation, fearing the loss of his Roman identity while idle and enjoying the luxury Alexandria has offered him, recounting the glory days of his heroism, as a leader of Rome. Shakespeares use of two ideological and geographical places represents the opposing directions of the individualistic desire of Antony and the conflict between his reason, loyalty, and social expectations of both locations. Antonys duty, desire, socially expected obligations to Rome and hi s need to be indulgent of socially undesirable behaviour cause Antony to question his inclusion in both places but also his Roman-ness, the value he places in honour, as a part of his identity. Antony, nevertheless, participates in a deconstruction of his own not Antony identity at the opening of the play by resisting, ignoring, or attempting to replace his Roman-ness with a reconstruction based on his own desires and plans. (Galante: 9-10) Antony, recalls the joy and admiration of his inclusion in Roman society as a heroic champion of Rome, where is spontaneity and love of indulgence are celebrated and excepted, though frowned upon at times where his desires superseded the role Rome expected him to take. To assist Antony to his former glory, the arranged marriage of Octavians sister Octavia brought temporary peace, although Antony could not honour his marriage and returns to his desires back to Alexandria and Cleopatra; which Octavian himself questions Antonys loyalty: No way excuse his foils when we do bear So great weight in his lightness. If he filled His vacancy with his voluptuousness, Full surfeits and the dryness of his bones Call on him fort. But to confound such time That drums him from his sport and speaks as loud As his own state and ours, tis to be chid As we rate boys who, being mature in knowledge, Pawn their experience to their present pleasure And so rebel to judgment. (1.4.3) Shakespeare) While battling between self-desire and indulgence Antony is defeated by both Cleopatra and Octavian to which Antony is forced to face himself, and the exclusion he had created. The reality of Antonys fickle and unstable identity is an amalgamation of the opposites, he doesnt seem to have control over himself and is tantalised by discourses cruel play, he is not the engineer of his identity, and every contingent event drives in different directions. (Mohamadi:19). In defeat in battle and love, the struggle of only knowing victory as a part of identity excludes Antony more so, complaining to his attendant Eros, he feels himself changing, transitioning from one character to another as he attempts to restore his esteem and former identity to himself. Defeated, with false information on Cleopatras death sent by Cleopatra herself, rather than amending his character and social inclusion which incorporated loss. His choice to attempt to restore his identity as a unvanquished hero is by suici de believing his honour would be restored, and his name and story, therefore, included in Roman society as a legend of Rome. Shakespeares tragedy of the fall of Antony, the hero, shows as Fukuyama suggests inclusion is only successful when a person conducts themselves within the shared norms of society, Antonys waywardness and loss of what included him within Roman society ultimately created a self-righteous suicide. Comparatively, Ari is at a crossroads, at a confusing time while transitioning into adulthood, discovering his sexuality while struggling with cultural identity resulting in his extreme behaviour and exclusion from the community, through drug use and nihilism, though still enjoying his self-selected inclusion. Antony formerly had inclusion which gave him power and options, to which by choice excluded himself to pursue his desires, only to espouse the inclusion of his homeland he once had. Both protagonists have control of their inclusion and exclusion within their community both choosing to exclude themselves due to desire and resulting in both losing their identities, connectedness, and ultimately wanting a place of belonging. Moreover, Loaded ends knowing Ari is out there lost within himself and disconnected; the reader is left hopeful he will find inclusion socially and with self. Unfortunately, Antony story ends with his death; the reader is left to ponder if he lived could he ha ve brought back the heroic Antony from the lessons learnt. Tsiolkas Loaded, and Shakespeares Antony and Cleopatra are from different eras and are of a different genre, but both present geographical separation and the impact society has on self and expected norms for inclusion. The Authors allow the reader to witness the tension individualism creates when it excludes those against the social standards of the community, and the joy that acceptance can bring when the personal desire is put aside to embrace community expectations in return. Bibliography: Frangos, Marina. Diaspora is a Greek Word: Words by Greeks on the Diaspora. Irish Journal for Culture, Arts, Literature and Language, Vol. 1: Iss. 1, (2016) Article 3. Fukuyama, F. Trust: The Social Virtues and the Creation of Prosperity. New York: Free Press (1995). 25 Galante, Paul. Yet cannot hold this visible shape: Antonys Roman identity crisis in William Shakespeares Antony and Cleopatra . Theses and Dissertations. (2001) Paper 691. Mohamadi, Abolfazl. Constructive Power and Discordant Discourses in Shakespeares Antony and Cleopatra. International Letters of Social and Humanistic Sciences Online: [SciPress Ltd., Switzerland and University of Tehran, Iran] Vol. 58, (2015) 18-24. The Shakespeare Head Press. The complete works of William Shakespeare: Antony and Cleopatra. Wordsworth Editions, Clays Ltd, St Ives plc (1996) 924-964 Tsiolkas, Christos. Loaded. Random House Australia: ePUB ISBN: 9781742743882 (2011) 1-162 Vernay, Jean-FrancÃÅ' §ois. Only Disconnect-Canonizing Homonormative Values: Representation and the Paradox of Gayness in Christos Tsiolkass Loaded. Antipodes, Vol. 20, No. 1 Wayne State University Press (2006) 41- 45. Additional references Crane, Mary Thomas. Roman World, Egyptian Earth: Cognitive Difference and Empire in Shakespeares Antony  and Cleopatra. Comparative Drama, Vol. 43, No. 1 (2009) 1-17. Hauthal, Janine.Writing back or writing off? Europe as tribe and traumascape in works by Caryl Phillips and Christos  Tsiolkas, Journal of Postcolonial Writing, Vol.51, No. 2, (2015) 208-219. Ricard, Nathalie Effects of Social Exclusion and Inclusion on Basic Needs Satisfaction, Self-Determined Motivation, the Orientations of Interpersonal Relationships, and Behavioural Self-Regulation. ProQuest Dissertations Publishing [ProQuest Dissertations and Theses] (2011) 1-159.

Celebrity Endorser Influence Essay

Celebrity Endorser Influence on Attitude Toward Advertisements and Brands Bahram Ranjbarian Associate Professor of management, Department of Management The University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran E-mail: Bahram1 r@yahoo.com Zahra Shekarchizade Master Student of Business Management, Department of Management University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran E-mail: Shekarchi_2020@yahoo.com Zahra Momeni Master Student of Business Management, Department of Management University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran E-mail: za.momeni@yahoo.com Abstract Purpose- This study aims to analyze the celebrity endorser influence on attitude toward advertisements and brands. Design/methodology/approach – A theoretical model is developed and tested with a sample of 193 students in University of Isfahan in 2009. Structural equation modeling was used with LISREL 8.50 and the maximum likelihood (ML) method. Findings – The findings show that attitude toward celebrity endorser can influence on attitude toward brand directly or indirectly. In indirectly approach, attitude toward advertisement is as a mediator between attitude toward celebrity endorser and attitude toward brand. On the other hand, attitude toward celebrity endorser has not significant effect on purchase intention. Originality/value – This paper provides a model connecting attitude toward celebrity endorser, attitude toward advertisement and attitude toward brand that has been examined and validated using a sample of students in University of Isfahan. Paper type- Research paper Keywords: Endorsement, Celebrities, Brand, Attitude, Advertisement Introduction Today one of the most prevalent forms of retail advertising is through using of celebrity endorsement (White et al, 2007). In fact celebrity endorsers are being used in about 25 percent of all television advertisements in order to promote brands (Erdogan et al, 2001).These endorsers are being paid by about 10 percent of advertiser’s budgets (Agrawal and Kamakura, 1995). Marketers invest huge amounts of money in contracts with celebrity endorsers each year, since they believe that celebrities affect the process of selling of their brands or products (Katyal, 2007). A celebrity endorser is a wellknown person (e.g., actors, sports figures and artists) because of his successes in a special field other than the endorsed product class (James, 2004). Celebrity endorsers are used by firms who want to 399 European Journal of Social Sciences – Volume 13, Number 3 (2010) support a product or service (Amos et al, 2008). Since presence of celebrity endorsers affects purchase decisions of consumers positively, producers and retailers have always preferred to use celebrity endorsements in order to sell their products (Stafford et al, 2003; Erdogan, 1999; Kamins, 1990). Kaikati (1987) believes that using of celebrities in advertisements could have many benefits and advantages including: 1) facilitating of brand identification 2) changing or impressing the negative attitude towards a brand 3) repositioning an existing brand 4) global marketing or positioning of a brand or product 5) affecting purchase intentions of consumers. Although using of celebrity endorsers as brand messengers is impressive, but it could have some risks. For instance, celebrities who are known to be guilty because of negative events (e.g., accident) may have harmful effects on the products that they endorse (Lou ie and Obermiller, 2002). Studies reveal that using of attractive celebrity causes to increase attitude towards advertisements. Such attitude towards advertisements is defined as â€Å"mental states which are used by individuals to organize the way they perceive their environment and control the way they respond to it† (Haghirian, 2004). There is a considerable correlation between desirable attitudes with regard to advertising and rating of certain advertisements by respondents as being likeable, irritating, delightful, etc (Bauer and Greyser, 1968). Celebrity endorsers enhance awareness of a company’s advertising, create positive feelings towards brands and are perceived by consumers as more amusing (Solomon, 2002). Thus using of a celebrity in advertising causes to influence brand attitude and purchase intentions of consumers in a positive way. Celebrity endorsement has a strong effect on consumers’ memory and learning approach too. Most consumers are not in a purchasing situation when they are encounter with message of the brand. Marketers use celebrity endorsement in order to help better storage of information in consumers’ minds which they can easily remember in purchasing situations (Schultz and Brens, 1995). However, there are many studies about celebrity endorser, but it seems that there are limited researches about the relationship between celebrity endorser and attitudes. The purpose of this study is to specify the impact of using celebrity endorsers in Iranian advertisements on attitudes of students in University of Isfahan toward those ads and brands. Literature Review Some properties such as likeability, expertise, trustworthiness and similarity cause a celebrity endorser to become a source of persuasive information and this creates a sense of certainty which has been revealed in many studies (Suranaa, 2008). Also physical attractiveness of the endorser is considerable in effectiveness of a message (Khatri, 2006). Acceptance of a message by a receiver could be influenced by celebrity endorsers as believable sources of information about a product or a firm (Amos et al, 2008). Using of celebrity endorsers to support products is explained by balance theory principles too. According to this theory, successful companies establish an emotional relation between the observer and endorser and a relation between endorser and brand too (Mowen, 2000). Before proceeding conceptual model, we describe the main constructs of this study. Celebrity Endorser McCracken (1998) has defined celebrity endorser as â€Å"any individual who enjoys public cognition and who uses this cognition on behalf of a consumer by appearing wit in an advertisement†. Moreover, celebrity is used as testimonial, endorsement, actor or spokesperson by the firm. Research has demonstrated that celebrity endorsement affects consumers’ feelings in general and it could affect the attitude of consumers towards the advertisement and brands too. This could result in enhancing of purchase intentions and as a result enhancing of sales. Some properties like credibility, physical attractiveness and likeability of celebrity endorser influence the ability of one person to impact other person (Amos et al, 2008). Source credibility is referred to identifying of communicator’s positive properties which influences acceptance of a message by the receiver (Ohanian, 1990). This consists of two main dimensions of expertise and 400 European Journal of Social Sciences – Volume 13, Number 3 (2010) trustworthiness. Source expertise refers to the degree which a communicator is perceived to be a source of valid assertion (Roozen, 2008). Source trustworthiness refers to faithfulness and reliability of the spokesperson (Khatri, 2006). Source attractiveness is the personality, likeability and similarity of endorsers to the receiver, thus to the perceived social values of the source (Solomon, 2002). Physical attractiveness of the source include being attractive, beautiful, elegant and charming. According to the studies in this ground, expertise dimension is more significant than physical attractiveness for matching of a brand with a suitable endorser (Brian and Michael, 1998). Likeability is referred to the positive or negative feelings that consumers have towards a source of information. We can define likeability as affection for the source because of its physical appearance and behavior (Erdogan, 1999). Though some research results reveal effectiveness of celebrities as endorsers (Freiden, 1984), but other researches suggest that celebrity endorsement may have different degrees of effectiveness depending on other factors like the â€Å"fit† between the celebrity and the advertised product (Till and Shimp, 1998). Celebrity Endorsers’ Effect on Aad and Ao Marketers are especially interested in consumers’ attitudes towards advertisements and brands. Essentially, attitudes are our predispositions with regard to things. An attitude shows whether we like something or not. Attitudes have three basic components: affective, cognitive and behavioral. Affective is related to our liking or feelings about an object. Cognitive is referred to beliefs about an object and behavioral component regards actions we take about that object (Severin and Tankard, 2001). Attitude towards advertisement is defined as â€Å"a learned tendency to respond in a consistently desirable or undes irable approach toward advertising in general† (Haghirian, 2004). On the other side, attitude towards the advertisement (Aad) is whether the consumer likes an advertisement (Ad) or hates it. Determinants of Aad consist of attitude towards the advertiser, assessment of the Ad execution itself, the mood evoked by Ad, and the extent to which the Ad affect viewer’s encouragement. Assessment of brands could be influenced by attitudes towards Ads. Of course what causes an advertisement to be impressive will change noticeably cross-culturally (Arnold et al, 2004). In performed studies, Aad is focused on as a mediator of advertiser’s effects on brand attitudes and purchase intentions (Suhere and Ispir, 2009). In recent studies, this issue has been proved that using of celebrity endorsement has a positive impact on attitudes of the consumer towards products and brands with which they are associated brand (Seno and Lukas, 2005). Agarwal and Malhotra (2005) have defined brand attitude as consumers’ general evaluative judgment of a brand based on brand beliefs. Such beliefs concern product-related attributes, like practical and experimental benefits. A successful endorser is able to enhance intentions and preferences towards brands directly or indirectly. An endorser who has major source factors of credibility (like expertise, trustworthiness and effectiveness) is able to impress purchase intentions of the consumer considerably (Liu et al, 2007). Information from a credible source can impress ideas, attitudes and behavior through a process called internalization (Belch and Belch, 1993). Internalization occurs when the receiver is motivated to have an issue. The receiver learns and accepts the idea of the credible spokesperson, since he supposes that information of this person represents an accurate position on the issue. Therefore, if such spokesperson who is known to be an expert endorses a product, consumers will more probably have a desirable idea about that advertisement and brand and they will consider it in their shopping list the next time they go shopping. Researchers have used the identification process of social influence in order to explain the effectiveness of celebrity endorsers (Basil, 1996). This theory suggests that if an individual identifies with another individual, then he is more likely to accept an attitude or behavior of that individual or a group. The internalization process of social influence is occurred â€Å"when an individual accepts influence because the induced behavior is congruent with his value system†. An individual accepts the influence, since it provides a solution to a problem (Daneshvary and Schwer, 2000). In the elaboration likelihood model (ELM), individual’s level of motivation to process central message arguments is represented which is one of its key factors that affects the relative impact of 401 European Journal of Social Sciences – Volume 13, Number 3 (2010) central and peripheral processing (Petty and Cacioppo, 1986). When applied to an adverting context, ELM suggests that consumers’ motivation to centrally process brand-relevant aspects of an advertisement is enhanced, the impact of central processing on brand attitudes should be enhanced, the effect of peripheral processing on brand attitudes should be reduced and the effect of brand attitudes on purchase intentions should be enhanced (Lafferty and Goldsmith, 1999). In this theoretical model, the endorser serves as cue just during peripheral processing. Therefore, the effect of the endorser should be reduced while central processing is enhanced. Mackenzie and Lutz (1989) have stated that advertiser credibility is a central processing cue more than any other thing. Credibility of the source is considered important in influence acceptance. A consumer will accept the accurate influence (information) and apply it if there the source is perceived to be credible. It is accepted because it is â€Å"demand† by ones own values. Therefore, a product’s endorsement by a credible source may impress purchase behavior (Danwshvary and Schwer, 2000). As a result, celebrity endorsement can increase the process of recalling and consume assessment of products (Khatri, 2006). On the other hand, celebrity endorsement has a severe effect on learning approach and memory. Researchers in the field of marketing and social psychology have studied the manner of impressing of purchase decision by celebrity endorsements. Various hypotheses have been proposed including having recall of the product by celebrity endorsement, celebrities have credibility on expertise that makes the product more desirable or increases perceptions of quality; the celebrity endorsers’ image is transferred to the product so that those who use the product are associated with the image. Experiments suggest that celebrity endorsement can increase recall and consume assessment of the products in certain situations (Clark and Horstman, 2003). Most of the times, making connection with the brand message is occurred when consumers are not in a purchasing situation. Marketers use celebrity endorsement so that information will be kept in consumers’ minds better and in the case of purchasing situation, they can easily retrieve it (Surana, 2008). A successful endorser strategy can enhance the level of consumers’ recalling towards product information, reinforces consumers’ recognition to endorsed brands, positively influences consumers’ attitude to low-involved products and even enhance consumers’ purchase intention and preference towards brands (Liu et al, 2007) Therefore, hypothesizes of the study are as follows. H1: Attitude toward ad is positively affected by attitude toward celebrity endorser. H2: Attitude toward brand is positively affected by attitude toward celebrity endorser H3: Attitude toward brand is positively affected by attitude toward advertisement. H4: Intention to buy is positively affected by attitude toward celebrity endorser Method Data Collection Information was obtained from randomly selected students from University of Isfahan through survey questionnaires during September- November 2009. University of Isfahan is one of the major universities in the fields of science, human science and engineering. A total sample of 193 participants was obtained. The sample was composed of 137 women (71 percent) and 56 men (21 percent). A cluster sampling procedure with age and degree as main control variables was applied. The age of the respondents ranged from 19 to 30 years, with a mean of 24. All questionnaires were self-administered by the participants without interference from researchers. Measures The study uses multi-item scales to measure the constructs in our model. All items in the questionnaire were measured on a five-point Likert-type scale anchored from â€Å"strongly disagree† (1) to â€Å"strongly agree† (5). Some of the measures were available in the literature, though most were adapted to suit this European Journal of Social Sciences – Volume 13, Number 3 (2010) particular context. To measure attitude toward celebrity endorser we used ten items. Attitude toward advertisement and attitude toward brand were measured with six items and five items, respectively. In order to measure reliability of questions in the questionnaire, 30 questionnaires have been pre-tested through pilot studies. Then, amount of confidence coefficient has been calculated by method of Cronbach’s alpha for which 0.83 % is obtained. This number shows that the applied questionnaire enjoys confidentiality or in other words the necessary reliability. Results Measurement Model Measurement model Structural equation modeling with LISREL 8.54 and the maximum likelihood (ML) method was used to analyse the data.. LISREL is a structural equations modeling technique that traces structural relations in a set of data (Eriksson et al, 2004). Structural equation modelling was used because it allows to estimate multiple and interrelated dependence relationships and unobserved factors can be represented in these relationships. Additionally, measurement error in the estimation process is accounted for (Hair et al., 1998). The model is assessed with the comparative fit index (CFI), standardised root meanresidual (SRMR), root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA), and Akaike’s (1987) information criterion (AIC). The measurement model provided a good fit to the data: (CFI = 0:98, SRMR=0.058, RMSEA = 0.015 and AIC =396.22). All values of CFI, SRMR, and RMSEA meet the standards suggested by Hu and Bentler (1999): 0.95 for CFI, 0.08 for SRMR, and 0.06 for RMSEA.There are no Guidelines for the AIC but lower values indicate better fit. The fit of the structural model is good and is reported in Table I. In the following we will test our hypotheses and consequently report the standardised path coefficients. As shown in Table I, three of hypotheses are empirically supported and one of them is not confirmed. The effect of attitude toward celebrity endorser on attitude toward advertisement is significant (standardised path coefficient = 0:49). This shows that the higher the attitude toward endorser, the more the attitude toward advertisement. Attitude toward celebrity endorser also have significant effect on attitude toward brand (standardised path coefficient= 0.24), but this effect is comparatively weaker than its effect on attitude toward advertisement. On the other hand, the effect of attitude toward advertisement on attitude toward brand is significant (standardised path coefficient = 0:56). This clearly shows that attitude toward advertisement has the highest standardized path coefficient and therefore has the strongest influence on attitude toward brand. The results show that the effects of attitude celebrity endorser on Purchase intention is not significant (standardised path coefficient = 0.11). This means that attitud toward celebrities, does not necessarily always translates into purchase intentions. Discussion The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship among attitude toward celebrity endorser and attitude toward advertisement and brand. Effects of a celebrity endorser on respondents’ assessments about advertisements and products endorsed by celebrities have been studied previously. There are some interesting findings for using of celebrity endorsers in Iranian advertisements. Attitude towards a celebrity endorser has a direct positive effect on attitude towards advertisement. Attitude towards advertisement has important effects on attitude towards brands, too and its effect is comparatively stronger than the effect of celebrity endorser. But the effect of attitude toward celebrity endorser on purchase intention is not considerable. Results of this study demonstrate that attitude towards celebrity endorser has an indirect effect on attitude towards brand. This result confirms outcomes of the previous research by Agarwal and Kamakura (1995), Till and Busler (1998), and W hite et al (2008). When there is a â€Å"fit† between the   European Journal of Social Sciences – Volume 13, Number 3 (2010) endorser and the endorsed product, endorser’s image helps construct the image of the brand in consumers’ minds. In fact, using of an attractive endorser has a positive impact on consumer attitudes towards a brand, because attractive endorsers have a tendency to get more attention than less attractive ones. On the other hand, experience of celebrity’s negative information can have an undesirable effect on the endorsed product. Transfer of negative information between the celebrity endorser and the endorsed product could be facilitated through cognitive relational pathway. We have considered social position of artists because people have more positive attitude towards artists. So, they distribute attitude towards artists to attitude towards endorsed brand. The association between attitude towards celebrity endorser and attitude towards advertisement has been shown in numerous studies, as the relationship between sports celebrity endorsements and retail products’ adverting are reported (White et al, 2008) and sports celebrity endorsements are being used in advertisements to impress brand selection. It is recognized in one study that attitude towards advertisement is considered as an interagent that influences attitude towards brand (Suhere and Ispir, 2009). Results of our study reveal that attitude towards advertisement is as an interagent between attitude towards celebrity and attitude towards brand. In our opinion, Iranians are interested in artists and know them as credible sources. So, ads makers use artists as celebrity to impress viewers’ attitudes towards advertisement and thereupon attitude towards brand. According to previous studies about the effect of the celebrity endorser on purchase intentions, such as Kamins (1990), Ohanian (1991), Liu et al (2007), we expected that positive attitude towards celebrities impressed purchase intentions. But results of this study confirm research outcomes of O’Mahony and Meenaghan (1997). According to this study, attitude towards celebrities does not necessarily always interpret in to purchase intentions. It seems that Iranian’s consumer tendency for buying is influenced by other various items such as age, gender, income and education too. Limitation This study has some limitations. The primary limitation of the present research relates to generalizability. The sample was restricted to students in University of Isfahan and this limits our results to be generalized, too. Another relevant consideration is that numerous girl students in university of Isfahan are more than its boy students. Also, this study relied exclusively on questionnaires to assess influence attitude toward celebrity endorser on attitude toward advertisements and brands, whereas this relationships need to be more investigated. On the other hand, this paper could not estimate effect of attitude toward celebrity endorser on purchase intention. In addition, our results are relational and not causal; therefore, it can not be concluded from this study whether attitude toward advertisement and brand is only cause or result of attitude toward celebrity endorser. Conclusion In this study the goal was to indicate the influence of using celebrity endorsers in Iranian advertisements on attitudes of students in University of Isfahan toward those advertisements and brands. The result of this study showed that the positive and significant relationship between attitude toward celebrity endorser and attitude toward advertisements and brands. By analyzing the output resulting from testing hypotheses, it can be concluded that attitude toward celebrity endorser has directly or indirectly influence on attitude toward brand. Consequences suggested that attitude toward advertisement was as a mediator between attitude toward celebrity endorser and attitude toward brand. On the other hand, attitude toward celebrity endorser hadn’t significant influence on purchase intention. So, future researches should put more effort into making strong believable explanations for how celebrity endorsers are able to have significant influence on consumer intention for purchase. References [1] [2] Agrawal, J. and Kamakura, W.A. 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